# This code is part of Qiskit. # # (C) Copyright IBM 2017, 2024. # # This code is licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0. You may # obtain a copy of this license in the LICENSE.txt file in the root directory # of this source tree or at http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0. # # Any modifications or derivative works of this code must retain this # copyright notice, and modified files need to carry a notice indicating # that they have been altered from the originals. """Utility functions for generating random circuits.""" import numpy as np from qiskit.circuit import ClassicalRegister, QuantumCircuit, CircuitInstruction from qiskit.circuit import Reset from qiskit.circuit.library import standard_gates from qiskit.circuit.exceptions import CircuitError from qiskit.quantum_info.operators.symplectic.clifford_circuits import _BASIS_1Q, _BASIS_2Q def random_circuit( num_qubits, depth, max_operands=4, measure=False, conditional=False, reset=False, seed=None, num_operand_distribution: dict = None, ): """Generate random circuit of arbitrary size and form. This function will generate a random circuit by randomly selecting gates from the set of standard gates in :mod:`qiskit.circuit.library.standard_gates`. For example: .. plot:: :alt: Circuit diagram output by the previous code. :include-source: from qiskit.circuit.random import random_circuit circ = random_circuit(2, 2, measure=True) circ.draw(output='mpl') Args: num_qubits (int): number of quantum wires depth (int): layers of operations (i.e. critical path length) max_operands (int): maximum qubit operands of each gate (between 1 and 4) measure (bool): if True, measure all qubits at the end conditional (bool): if True, insert middle measurements and conditionals reset (bool): if True, insert middle resets seed (int): sets random seed (optional) num_operand_distribution (dict): a distribution of gates that specifies the ratio of 1-qubit, 2-qubit, 3-qubit, ..., n-qubit gates in the random circuit. Expect a deviation from the specified ratios that depends on the size of the requested random circuit. (optional) Returns: QuantumCircuit: constructed circuit Raises: CircuitError: when invalid options given """ if seed is None: seed = np.random.randint(0, np.iinfo(np.int32).max) rng = np.random.default_rng(seed) if num_operand_distribution: if min(num_operand_distribution.keys()) < 1 or max(num_operand_distribution.keys()) > 4: raise CircuitError("'num_operand_distribution' must have keys between 1 and 4") for key, prob in num_operand_distribution.items(): if key > num_qubits and prob != 0.0: raise CircuitError( f"'num_operand_distribution' cannot have {key}-qubit gates" f" for circuit with {num_qubits} qubits" ) num_operand_distribution = dict(sorted(num_operand_distribution.items())) if not num_operand_distribution and max_operands: if max_operands < 1 or max_operands > 4: raise CircuitError("max_operands must be between 1 and 4") max_operands = max_operands if num_qubits > max_operands else num_qubits rand_dist = rng.dirichlet( np.ones(max_operands) ) # This will create a random distribution that sums to 1 num_operand_distribution = {i + 1: rand_dist[i] for i in range(max_operands)} num_operand_distribution = dict(sorted(num_operand_distribution.items())) # Here we will use np.isclose() because very rarely there might be floating # point precision errors if not np.isclose(sum(num_operand_distribution.values()), 1): raise CircuitError("The sum of all the values in 'num_operand_distribution' is not 1.") if num_qubits == 0: return QuantumCircuit() gates_1q = [ # (Gate class, number of qubits, number of parameters) (standard_gates.IGate, 1, 0), (standard_gates.SXGate, 1, 0), (standard_gates.XGate, 1, 0), (standard_gates.RZGate, 1, 1), (standard_gates.RGate, 1, 2), (standard_gates.HGate, 1, 0), (standard_gates.PhaseGate, 1, 1), (standard_gates.RXGate, 1, 1), (standard_gates.RYGate, 1, 1), (standard_gates.SGate, 1, 0), (standard_gates.SdgGate, 1, 0), (standard_gates.SXdgGate, 1, 0), (standard_gates.TGate, 1, 0), (standard_gates.TdgGate, 1, 0), (standard_gates.UGate, 1, 3), (standard_gates.U1Gate, 1, 1), (standard_gates.U2Gate, 1, 2), (standard_gates.U3Gate, 1, 3), (standard_gates.YGate, 1, 0), (standard_gates.ZGate, 1, 0), ] if reset: gates_1q.append((Reset, 1, 0)) gates_2q = [ (standard_gates.CXGate, 2, 0), (standard_gates.DCXGate, 2, 0), (standard_gates.CHGate, 2, 0), (standard_gates.CPhaseGate, 2, 1), (standard_gates.CRXGate, 2, 1), (standard_gates.CRYGate, 2, 1), (standard_gates.CRZGate, 2, 1), (standard_gates.CSXGate, 2, 0), (standard_gates.CUGate, 2, 4), (standard_gates.CU1Gate, 2, 1), (standard_gates.CU3Gate, 2, 3), (standard_gates.CYGate, 2, 0), (standard_gates.CZGate, 2, 0), (standard_gates.RXXGate, 2, 1), (standard_gates.RYYGate, 2, 1), (standard_gates.RZZGate, 2, 1), (standard_gates.RZXGate, 2, 1), (standard_gates.XXMinusYYGate, 2, 2), (standard_gates.XXPlusYYGate, 2, 2), (standard_gates.ECRGate, 2, 0), (standard_gates.CSGate, 2, 0), (standard_gates.CSdgGate, 2, 0), (standard_gates.SwapGate, 2, 0), (standard_gates.iSwapGate, 2, 0), ] gates_3q = [ (standard_gates.CCXGate, 3, 0), (standard_gates.CSwapGate, 3, 0), (standard_gates.CCZGate, 3, 0), (standard_gates.RCCXGate, 3, 0), ] gates_4q = [ (standard_gates.C3SXGate, 4, 0), (standard_gates.RC3XGate, 4, 0), ] gates_1q = np.array( gates_1q, dtype=[("class", object), ("num_qubits", np.int64), ("num_params", np.int64)] ) gates_2q = np.array(gates_2q, dtype=gates_1q.dtype) gates_3q = np.array(gates_3q, dtype=gates_1q.dtype) gates_4q = np.array(gates_4q, dtype=gates_1q.dtype) all_gate_lists = [gates_1q, gates_2q, gates_3q, gates_4q] # Here we will create a list 'gates_to_consider' that will have a # subset of different n-qubit gates and will also create a list for # ratio (or probability) for each gates gates_to_consider = [] distribution = [] for n_qubits, ratio in num_operand_distribution.items(): gate_list = all_gate_lists[n_qubits - 1] gates_to_consider.extend(gate_list) distribution.extend([ratio / len(gate_list)] * len(gate_list)) gates = np.array(gates_to_consider, dtype=gates_1q.dtype) qc = QuantumCircuit(num_qubits) if measure or conditional: cr = ClassicalRegister(num_qubits, "c") qc.add_register(cr) qubits = np.array(qc.qubits, dtype=object, copy=True) # Counter to keep track of number of different gate types counter = np.zeros(len(all_gate_lists) + 1, dtype=np.int64) total_gates = 0 # Apply arbitrary random operations in layers across all qubits. for layer_number in range(depth): # We generate all the randomness for the layer in one go, to avoid many separate calls to # the randomization routines, which can be fairly slow. # This reliably draws too much randomness, but it's less expensive than looping over more # calls to the rng. After, trim it down by finding the point when we've used all the qubits. # Due to the stochastic nature of generating a random circuit, the resulting ratios # may not precisely match the specified values from `num_operand_distribution`. Expect # greater deviations from the target ratios in quantum circuits with fewer qubits and # shallower depths, and smaller deviations in larger and deeper quantum circuits. # For more information on how the distribution changes with number of qubits and depth # refer to the pull request #12483 on Qiskit GitHub. gate_specs = rng.choice(gates, size=len(qubits), p=distribution) cumulative_qubits = np.cumsum(gate_specs["num_qubits"], dtype=np.int64) # Efficiently find the point in the list where the total gates would use as many as # possible of, but not more than, the number of qubits in the layer. If there's slack, fill # it with 1q gates. max_index = np.searchsorted(cumulative_qubits, num_qubits, side="right") gate_specs = gate_specs[:max_index] slack = num_qubits - cumulative_qubits[max_index - 1] # Updating the counter for 1-qubit, 2-qubit, 3-qubit and 4-qubit gates gate_qubits = gate_specs["num_qubits"] counter += np.bincount(gate_qubits, minlength=len(all_gate_lists) + 1) total_gates += len(gate_specs) # Slack handling loop, this loop will add gates to fill # the slack while respecting the 'num_operand_distribution' while slack > 0: gate_added_flag = False for key, dist in sorted(num_operand_distribution.items(), reverse=True): if slack >= key and counter[key] / total_gates < dist: gate_to_add = np.array( all_gate_lists[key - 1][rng.integers(0, len(all_gate_lists[key - 1]))] ) gate_specs = np.hstack((gate_specs, gate_to_add)) counter[key] += 1 total_gates += 1 slack -= key gate_added_flag = True if not gate_added_flag: break # For efficiency in the Python loop, this uses Numpy vectorization to pre-calculate the # indices into the lists of qubits and parameters for every gate, and then suitably # randomizes those lists. q_indices = np.empty(len(gate_specs) + 1, dtype=np.int64) p_indices = np.empty(len(gate_specs) + 1, dtype=np.int64) q_indices[0] = p_indices[0] = 0 np.cumsum(gate_specs["num_qubits"], out=q_indices[1:]) np.cumsum(gate_specs["num_params"], out=p_indices[1:]) parameters = rng.uniform(0, 2 * np.pi, size=p_indices[-1]) rng.shuffle(qubits) # We've now generated everything we're going to need. Now just to add everything. The # conditional check is outside the two loops to make the more common case of no conditionals # faster, since in Python we don't have a compiler to do this for us. if conditional and layer_number != 0: is_conditional = rng.random(size=len(gate_specs)) < 0.1 condition_values = rng.integers( 0, 1 << min(num_qubits, 63), size=np.count_nonzero(is_conditional) ) c_ptr = 0 for gate, q_start, q_end, p_start, p_end, is_cond in zip( gate_specs["class"], q_indices[:-1], q_indices[1:], p_indices[:-1], p_indices[1:], is_conditional, ): operation = gate(*parameters[p_start:p_end]) if is_cond: qc.measure(qc.qubits, cr) # The condition values are required to be bigints, not Numpy's fixed-width type. operation = operation.c_if(cr, int(condition_values[c_ptr])) c_ptr += 1 qc._append(CircuitInstruction(operation=operation, qubits=qubits[q_start:q_end])) else: for gate, q_start, q_end, p_start, p_end in zip( gate_specs["class"], q_indices[:-1], q_indices[1:], p_indices[:-1], p_indices[1:] ): operation = gate(*parameters[p_start:p_end]) qc._append(CircuitInstruction(operation=operation, qubits=qubits[q_start:q_end])) if measure: qc.measure(qc.qubits, cr) return qc def random_clifford_circuit(num_qubits, num_gates, gates="all", seed=None): """Generate a pseudo-random Clifford circuit. This function will generate a Clifford circuit by randomly selecting the chosen amount of Clifford gates from the set of standard gates in :mod:`qiskit.circuit.library.standard_gates`. For example: .. plot:: :alt: Circuit diagram output by the previous code. :include-source: from qiskit.circuit.random import random_clifford_circuit circ = random_clifford_circuit(num_qubits=2, num_gates=6) circ.draw(output='mpl') Args: num_qubits (int): number of quantum wires. num_gates (int): number of gates in the circuit. gates (list[str]): optional list of Clifford gate names to randomly sample from. If ``"all"`` (default), use all Clifford gates in the standard library. seed (int | np.random.Generator): sets random seed/generator (optional). Returns: QuantumCircuit: constructed circuit """ gates_1q = list(set(_BASIS_1Q.keys()) - {"v", "w", "id", "iden", "sinv"}) gates_2q = list(_BASIS_2Q.keys()) if gates == "all": if num_qubits == 1: gates = gates_1q else: gates = gates_1q + gates_2q instructions = { "i": (standard_gates.IGate(), 1), "x": (standard_gates.XGate(), 1), "y": (standard_gates.YGate(), 1), "z": (standard_gates.ZGate(), 1), "h": (standard_gates.HGate(), 1), "s": (standard_gates.SGate(), 1), "sdg": (standard_gates.SdgGate(), 1), "sx": (standard_gates.SXGate(), 1), "sxdg": (standard_gates.SXdgGate(), 1), "cx": (standard_gates.CXGate(), 2), "cy": (standard_gates.CYGate(), 2), "cz": (standard_gates.CZGate(), 2), "swap": (standard_gates.SwapGate(), 2), "iswap": (standard_gates.iSwapGate(), 2), "ecr": (standard_gates.ECRGate(), 2), "dcx": (standard_gates.DCXGate(), 2), } if isinstance(seed, np.random.Generator): rng = seed else: rng = np.random.default_rng(seed) samples = rng.choice(gates, num_gates) circ = QuantumCircuit(num_qubits) for name in samples: gate, nqargs = instructions[name] qargs = rng.choice(range(num_qubits), nqargs, replace=False).tolist() circ.append(gate, qargs, copy=False) return circ